双成象单元扫描隧道显微镜与原子尺纳米计量技术

研制了双成象单元扫描隧道显微镜(STM),可同时对参考样品的原子晶格和被测样品扫描成象.计数原子晶格的数目,即可精确测定被测样品图象的尺度,以原子尺方式实现严格的纳米计量.本文介绍双成象单元的STM的原理和仪器系统,讨论原子尺纳米计量的可行性,给出被测样品图象的纳米计量结果.     

Measurement principles for traceability in chemical analysis

 By the definition of the mole as a base unit for amount-of-substance measures within the International System of Units (SI), chemists can make chemical measurements in full compliance with established metrological principles. Since the mole requires exact knowledge of the chemical entity, which is often neither available nor of practical relevance to the purpose of the measurement, the SI units of mass or length (for volume) are unavoidable in the expression of results of many chemical measurements. Science, technology, and trade depend upon a huge and ever increasing number and variety of chemical determinations to quantify material composition and quality. Thus, international harmonization in the assessments of processes, procedures, and results is highly desirable and clearly cost effective. The authors, with relevant experience and responsibilities in Europe and America, have found some consensus in the interpretation of the metrological principles for chemical measurements, but believe open discussion should precede wide implementation by chemical communities. In fostering this dialogue, this paper shows, for instance, that more precise interpretation of the definitions for "traceability," "calibration," and "validation" is needed for present-day chemical measurements. Problems that face scientists in making measurements do not all vanish just by adherence to the SI. However, such compliance can improve communication among chemists and metrologists. Received: 30 June 1995 Accepted: 30 June 1995     

Progress on the optical lattice clock

Optical lattice clocks have made significant leaps forward in recent years, demonstrating the ability to measure time/frequency at unprecedented levels. Here we highlight this progress, with a particular focus on research efforts at NIST and JILA. We discuss advances in frequency instability and the characterization of key systematic effects, with a brief outlook to the future.     

Some Latin American experiences concerning teaching of chemical metrology

In this paper, 15 years of the experiences acquired concerning the teaching of chemical metrology in Latin America are presented. These include postgraduate and undergraduate activities developed in eight countries. The combination of theoretic and practical activities and the sequence of learning from metrological, statistical, and chemometrical backgrounds up to practical activities in personal computers are basic and motivate the learning process. Care is taken to promote the metrological approach and thinking in analytical chemistry. The learning of computing techniques plays an important role, combining graphic and numerical techniques for data analysis. The role of examples during the teaching process is analyzed and recognized. The introduction of a general model of errors permits one to approach different topics on a metrological basis. The metrological approach of uncertainty based on the theory of errors permits one to develop the topic. Undergraduate students acquire a basic metrological knowledge and other experiences are also presented. Recommendations for undergraduate and postgraduate programs are pointed out.     

Quantum Fisher Information Gap for Systems with Nonlinear Hamiltonians

Quantum Fisher information(QFI) gap characterizes the stability of QFI to space directions. We study the QFI distributions and QFI gap for quantum states generated from nonlinear Hamiltonians for both spin and bosonic systems. We find that the same spin-squeezing parameter(or principle squeezing parameter) corresponds to two different values QFI gap, and the locations of all extreme points of the QFI are explicitly given.     

Optoranger: A 3D pattern matching method for bin picking applications

This paper presents a new method, based on 3D vision, for the recognition of free-form objects in the presence of clutters and occlusions, ideal for robotic bin picking tasks. The method can be considered as a compromise between complexity and effectiveness. A 3D point cloud representing the scene is generated by a triangulation-based scanning system, where a fast camera acquires a blade projected by a laser source. Image segmentation is based on 2D images, and on the estimation of the distances between point pairs, to search for empty areas. Object recognition is performed using commercial software libraries integrated with custom-developed segmentation algorithms, and a database of model clouds created by means of the same scanning system.Experiments carried out to verify the performance of the method have been designed by randomly placing objects of different types in the Robot work area. The preliminary results demonstrate the excellent ability of the system to perform the bin picking procedure, and the reliability of the method proposed for automatic recognition of identity, position and orientation of the objects.     

一种简易医用硬性内窥镜相对百分畸变检测系统

医用硬性内窥镜作为诊治医疗器械,其畸变直接影响医生对手术位置判断的准确性,因此内窥镜相对百分畸变的测量是一个亟需解决的问题。设计了一种基于图像处理的相对百分畸变检测系统,通过CCD相机采集校准靶板图像,对内窥镜视轴和目标靶板的板面进行垂直校准后,更换畸变靶板采集图像,计算机将得到的图像进行滤波、感兴趣区域提取和尺寸统计,最终获得相对百分畸变。以30°腹腔内窥镜为测量模型,实验得到设计的校准系统在待测内窥镜全视场70%位置所测量的相对百分畸变值优于未垂直校准系统2.2%。结果表明,系统的检测结果一致性较高,且准确度高于未垂直校准系统。     

区域劳动力结构演进的随机模型及分析

采用具有吸收态的Markov过程刻画劳动力流动转移这一随机过程,利用劳动力的转移概率,得到了劳动力个体转移到各个产业间的平均工作时间及方差;同时也给出了在整个生产活动中劳动力个体的工作时间总和的均值及方差,本文也推导了劳动力个体在整个生产活动中创造的地区生产值分布,并由此给出地区生产总值计算方法．本文最后给出了一个数值计算实例．